Journal of Research in Psychopathology
Volume:2 Issue: 6, Autumn 2021

Multiple sclerosis is a progressive and degenerative disease of the myelin sheath of nerve cells in the central nervous system. MS patients have much higher levels of psychological disorders than healthy individuals that affect their quality of life. Defense mechanisms are strongly associated with the degree of stress tolerance of patients in stressful situations, on the other hand, the experience of pain plays an important role in the mental health and quality of life of MS patients. The aim of this study was the effectiveness of mindfulness on defense mechanisms in MS patients. The statistical population of the case group was people with MS in Urmia in 2019 who had medical and neurological records in the hospital. The present experimental study was available by sampling method. The sample consisted of 40 MS patiewho nts were randomly divided into two groups of ten experimental and control groups. Defense Mechanisms Tesis t (DSQ) is used to collect data. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that the differences between the means of the groups were significant for immature mechanisms (F = 22.649), mature mechanisms (F = 25.99), and psychiatric mechanisms. Thus, mindfulness training affected defense mechanisms by improving them. It is suggested that by implementing the necessary training to the MS patients and their family on strategies to strengthen mindfulness, this skill was increased in keywords.

We studied the prevalence of Sedentary Behaviors (SB) in children with Specific Learning Disorder (SLD): the role of Child-Parent (C-P) relationship and Parenting Style (PS). In this descriptive-correlational study, a total of 116 children with SLD in Malayer city, Iran, who’s their mothers and fathers participated in the study were selected using the census method. Data were collected using the Researcher Constructed Scale for SB, PS, and C-P Relationship Scales. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that the hours mean of dealing with SB during the week, weekend, and the whole week in children with SLD were 22.10, 8.59, and 30.75, respectively. The highest average hours of SB were watching TV, playing with handheld devices (iPhones, iPads, tablets), and playing mobile/no internet, respectively. Results, also, demonstrated a significant correlation between mother and father age, child-mother [C-M] dependency, child-father [C-F], closeness relationship, mother’s permissive PS, father's permissive PS (r=.20) with SB. Father age, father’s permissive PS, C-F callousness, and C-M dependency have been able to predict SB, respectively.

Stress is undoubtedly a part of students’ lives and it may impact their ways of coping with the demands of life and As a result, social skills and coping skills can help students in these situations The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of social skills training in changing students' coping strategies.

The research method was experimental and pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population included middle school male students studying in Tehran this year (2020-2021). In a multi-stage clustering sampling, 40 of them were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups.To measure students' coping strategies in this study, the Parker and Andler coping strategies questionnaire (Ciss) was used and the research data were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance.

The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in coping strategies after receiving social skills training. The results showed that among the coping styles, the problem-solvig coping strategy scores increased and the emotion-oriented and avoidance styles decreased.

The results showed the effectiveness of social skills training method on changing coping strategies of middle school students.

This study was conducted to design a model of nurses' vulnerability to stress based on attachment to God, positive and negative perfectionism and personal intelligence. The population sample of the study was 250 nurses of hospitals located in West Azerbaijan province who were selected using available sampling method. Data collection was based on the Miller and Smith Stress Vulnerability Questionnaire (miller, smith 1985), the Mayer Personal Intelligence Questionnaire (2013), the Beck and McDonald Attachment Scale (2004) and the Tri-Short et al. Perfectionism Questionnaire (1995). The research design is structural equations and data analysis was performed using SPSS and Amos software using descriptive and inferential tests including Pearson correlation coefficient, Bootstrap and Sobel. The results showed that the following variables: positive perfectionism, negative perfectionism and attachment to God interact with the mediating role of personal intelligence in explaining nurses 'vulnerability to stress, which in total 35% of the variance of nurses' vulnerability to stress is explained through these variables. The direct effect of attachment to God (-0.36), personal intelligence (-0.48), positive perfectionism (-0.31) and negative perfectionism (0.38) on estimating nurses' vulnerability to stress was significant. Indirect effect of attachment to God (t-value = 2.53) Positive perfectionism (t-value = 2.41) and positive perfectionism (t-value = 1.98) mediated by significant personal intelligence was observed.

Emotional suppression and the experience of negative affect are the main problems of patients with treatment-resistant depression. In previous research, Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy (ISTDP) has been recognized as one of the effective methods in patients with treatment-resistant depression. However, the role of ISTDP in emotional suppression and negative affect is not clear in these patients. The present study aimed to explore the effectiveness of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy in the treatment of emotional suppression and negative affect using a single subject study. Three patients with treatment-resistant depression diagnosis were selected from psychotherapy clinics in Tabriz-Iran. In the next step, participants have undergone ten one-hour long sessions of intensive short-term dynamic therapy. After each intervention process, participants filled the Weinberger Adjustment Inventory (WAI) and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). Results showed that intensive short-term dynamic therapy led to a reduction of negative affect and emotional suppression. Accordingly, it could be concluded that ISTDP is an effective method for ameliorating negative affect and emotional suppression in treatment-resistant depression.

In this study, transactional analysis psychotherapy was used to evaluate the effect of negative automatic thoughts and optimism on female adolescents with social anxiety disorder. It included female adolescents in district 6 of Isfahan in 2019-2020 who were referred to psychological clinics to treat social anxiety disorder and were chosen by purposive sampling. It was a quasi-experimental study with pre-post tests and a control group, where 24 female adolescents with social anxiety disorder were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (12 in each group). Data collection instruments included Life Orientation Scale (LOT-R) and Negative Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (NATQ). The experimental group received an educational program during eight 90-minute weekly sessions; the control group did not receive any interventions. In both groups, questionnaires were administered before and after the intervention sessions. In addition, the data were analyzed using SPSS software, Version 19, using covariance analysis. The results showed that the experimental and control groups differed significantly regarding optimism during pretest control (F=23.573; p < .0001). Transactional analysis psychotherapy increased optimism among the experimental group because the mean optimism levels were higher than those of the control group. The results of the study suggest that transactional analysis psychotherapy is an effective method for treating social anxiety.